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Jack Warner’s Theory of Relativity

February 23rd, 2012

This is not Jack Warner.

“‘Jack Warner is a man who would rather tell a bad joke than make a good movie,’ Jack Benny once quipped.

To most of those who knew him, Jack Warner the jester was fundamentally insecure, a bilious megalomaniac forever retreating behind the defensive mask of the borscht-belt comedian, ‘As a little boy I started building up layers of insulation, and now I have the hide of an elephant,’ he candidly remarked in his generally less-than-candid autobiography, My First Hundred Years in Hollywood. No one, regardless of how esteemed or dignified, was spared his tasteless jokes.

Introduced to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, he apologized for forgetting his laundry. When Albert Einstein paid a visit to the Warner studio in the early 1930s, Jack pumped the professor’s hand and immediately informed him, ‘I have a theory of relatives, too. Don’t hire ‘em.‘ Jack Warner, Jr., who witnessed that improbable exchange, does not recall whether Einstein was amused, but he does point out a certain paradox in his father’s jest. ‘If his brothers hadn’t hired him,’ says Jack, Jr., ‘he’d have been out of work.’”

– from Hollywood Dynasties By Stephen Farber and Marc Green.

This is not Albert Einstein.

Robert Bresson on Pickpocket (1959)

February 22nd, 2012

This 1959 French television interview with Robert Bresson on his then-just-released masterpiece  Pickpocket is interesting for a number of reasons.

Compare this to his interview on L’Argent, made in 1983, roughly a quarter of a century later. Here, Bresson is relaxed, basking in the glow of admiration his film has justifiably received, but also in the fact that the new critics of the period at the influential journal Cahiers du Cinéma have singled out Bresson as one of the few “old school” directors worthy of continued critical attention, along with Jean Renoir, Jean Cocteau, Jean-Pierre Melville and a few others.

Bresson here is at the top of his game, and he knows it; the questions are cold, hard, almost prosecutorial, but Bresson is more than up to the task of responding. He is beyond attacks now, consecrated by the New Wave as one of the few filmmakers that matter. The interviewers take his work seriously, and their roles as critics seriously, in sharp contrast to the “happy talk” interviews that predominate today, when someone comes on television to “plug” their latest film.

Bresson here has nothing to prove, and he knows that no one will contradict him; his reputation and his work speak for themselves, but more — the surrounding culture also respects his work, and he is entirely in tune with the cinema of his era. By 1983, cinema has changed so much that it’s mostly escapist genre fare, something that Bresson deplores; in 1984, François Truffaut, the leader of the Cahiers critics, and later a brilliant filmmaker in his own right, will die, and the world of cinema he championed will begin to expire with him.

But for now, all is in order, and the right priorities are being addressed; listen to what Bresson has to say about film, his work, and his guiding precepts.

Jean Cocteau on Cinema, Art, and Immortality

February 21st, 2012

Click here, or on the image above, to see a documentary on Jean Cocteau.

It should come as no shock to readers of this blog that Jean Cocteau, the multi-talented French artist — filmmaker, poet, novelist, sculptor, muralist, librettist, painter, playwright, memoirist — is one of my favorite cinéastes. Here’s the first part of an excellent documentary on his life and work, which you can easily follow by clicking on the other links that present themselves after the first section. Cocteau is, as always, simultaneously quixotic and absolutely transparent in his various pronouncements, and his opening declaration that he “detests” frivolity and fantasy might seem at odds with much of this work, but then again, perhaps not — as one can easily see, Cocteau was absolutely serious about everything he did, as he makes manifestly clear in this film.

Robert Bresson: “Art Cannot Exist Without Surprise”

February 21st, 2012

Here’s a rare interview with director Robert Bresson for French television on the making of his last film, L’Argent (Money, 1983).

Bresson discusses his unique manner of working — no sets, all real locations, no professional actors, making up a deatiled storyboard and then essentially throwing it away, having no idea from one to day to the next where he’ll be shooting, or even why, and embracing the element of chance and spontaneity in all his films — with candor and a certain brusqueness that is probably a result of age, his general contempt for the publicity process, and a sense that time is running out.

As the interviewer notes in his opening comments, even when the film was screened at Cannes, Bresson consented to a press conference that lasted only a few minutes, before walking out; earlier in his career, in an interview on his masterful film Pickpocket, Bresson seems much more relaxed and less combative. But now, in the early 1980s, he sees the values of cinema rapidly shifting towards cookie cutter entertainment of an utterly predictacle nature, and he isn’t pleased by the prospect, as he makes perfectly clear.

This is fascinating viewing, and a rare look at someone who is a genuine artist of the cinema, who made his films entirely according to his own idiosyncratic rules, which is what makes them so timeless, and also, as Bresson points out, so perishable.

Cleaning Up Space Junk

February 19th, 2012

The Swiss have come up with a much needed project; a satellite that will devour some — just some — of the enormous amount of junk floating around in space, including dead communication satellites and the like, and then burn up in the atmosphere on re-entry, eliminating both itself and the debris it has devoured.

As The Christian Science Monitor reports, “Earth is surrounded by a cloud of more than half a million pieces of space junk, from bus-size spent rocket stages to tiny flecks of paint. Orbiting at breakneck speeds, every last bit poses grave dangers — and means huge insurance premiums — for operational satellites, and it threatens the International Space Station, too. Every time two orbiting objects collide, they break up into thousands more pieces of debris.

To combat this growing headache, Swiss scientists and engineers have announced the launch of CleanSpace One, a project to build the first in a family of “janitor” satellites that will help clean up space. To be launched as soon as three to five years from now, CleanSpace One will rendezvous with one of two defunct objects in orbit, either the Swisscube picosatellite, or its cousin TIsat, both 1,000 cubic centimeters (61 cubic inches) in size. When the janitor satellite reaches its target, it will extend a grappling arm, grab it and then plunge into Earth’s atmosphere, burning up itself and the space junk during re-entry.”

Sounds like an elegant, and necessary, project for the 21st Century.

Digital vs. Film — Cinematographers Weigh In

February 19th, 2012

Martin Scorsese on the set of Hugo.

In today’s Los Angeles Times, Mark Olsen has a fascinating piece on the differences between digital cinematography and working with conventional 35mm film, as discussed by some people who really know what they’re talking about; the 2012 Oscar nominees for cinematography.

As Olsen writes, “This year’s Oscar nominees for cinematography present a particularly varied cross-section of contemporary filmmaking at a time when the very infrastructure of how movies are made and seen is in transition. Consider: 35-millimeter film prints are being phased out in favor of digital projection. Consumer still cameras can be used to shoot high-definition digital video. Video on demand is becoming a popular viewing option. Even the venerable Eastman Kodak, which produces the film stock on which many movies are made, recently filed for bankruptcy protection.

The Scandinavian-modern The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo was shot with digital cameras; the World War I-set War Horse was shot on film. Hugo was shot in digital 3-D to portray 1931 Paris, while The Artist was shot on color film, then transferred to black-and-white to evoke the end of the silent film era in Hollywood. The Tree of Life used footage shot both on film and digital and integrates nature photography into its storytelling. (That three-on-film, two-on-digital split is likely an approximation of Hollywood production overall, though changes are evolving rapidly.) As this moment of transition challenges distributors, exhibitors and even audiences, cinematographers are on the front lines of those responding to the changes. Many of them recognize just what a unique window this particular time presents.”

You can read the entire article here; a remarkable meeting of the minds. And as cinematographer Jeff Cronenweth, the DP on The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, notes, “In all fairness, we’re at the infancy stage of digital cinema.”

An Early Clue To The New Direction

February 18th, 2012

“[The virtues of] Andrew Meyer’s black-and-white An Early Clue to The New Direction [1966] had nothing to do with technical polish. Mr. Meyer’s film hung on dialogue, cast and plot (of a kind), clearly moving in a new direction. Its central virtue was nothing less than a superb performance by an old man, Prescott Townsend, playing a Boston roué long past his time, who charms a young girl with his ’snowflake theory.’” –Douglas M. Davis, National Observer.

“Afterward, one felt that Andrew Meyer had opened a new world for [. . .] cinema, one in which many kinds of excuses no longer need to be made. An Early Clue to The New Direction [. . .] is unexpected, glorious, and indescribably moving, and I can’t forget it.” –James Stoller, Village Voice.

The title of this post comes, as you might expect, from Andrew Meyer’s film of the same name, discussed above. I knew Andrew during his years in New York, and later in Los Angeles. When he made films solely for himself, the results were fantastic. Later, he became a commercial filmmaker, and had many reservations about it. But it’s for his earlier films that he is remembered, and of all his works, An Early Clue to The New Direction is perhaps the most ambitious, personal, and inspiring.

It’s a beautiful, simple, positive film, which speaks to the hope of a future centered on new values, one that breaks away from the old and moves smoothly into a new era. It embodies the sort of DIY spirit that we should be seeking out right now, aiming towards simplicity, transcendence, and enlightenment. I hope to do the same thing in this blog.

In many of my posts, I’ve examined the enormous changes that have taken place in the world of the moving image, as well as in books, music, and other forms of creative endeavor. Basically, everything is going on line, and everything is becoming digitized, and the speed with which this is happening is breathtaking.

At the same time, the cost of making mainstream movies has gone through the roof, along with the cost of promotional rollouts for theatrical releases, so more adventurous films have been marginalized to DVD, streaming, or On Demand releases, with openings in a few key cities to ensure some visibilty, and also reviews.

But while all of this is true, and while hopefully we can agree on a few basic concepts that will shape 21st century cinema in the decades to come, we have to move beyond these ideas, and not only embrace what’s coming, but also envision how we can turn these new technologies to our advantage.

The world as we now know it is a very different place from that of 1966; communication is instantaneous, and images and text surround us. But at the same time, we have to clear a path through the present, and not be distracted by the everyday chatter of circumstance to see what democracy of images the future portends.

We have to think of the future in terms of potential, and free ourselves from the past. We have to remind ourselves that though the social landscape has changed, human needs are much the same; to communicate, to share information, and to seek out a community of others who share our interests. In short, we have to move into the future unencumbered by gossip, fear, or negativity — something it’s all too easy to embrace. We have to look for the best in ourselves and others, and seek out the light in everyday life.

The present often seems snarky, superficial, full of attack ads and snap judgments. None of these things, however amusing they may momentarily be, will help us move forward with renewed vision, because they teach us to be cynical about the world around us.

There is enormous pain and suffering in the world every day, but at the same time, there are unreported stories of hope, faith, and affirmation. We need to celebrate these images of compassion and enlightenment, and seek out the most positive aspects of the current culture as “early clues to the new direction” of 21st century art in all its aspects. This is what will get us past the present into the future. This is what, in the end, will inform the future of the moving image.

Gwendolyn Audrey Foster on “A Man Escaped”

February 16th, 2012

In issue 62 of Senses of Cinema, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster offers a compelling essay on Robert Bresson’s brilliant drama of survival in prison, A Man Escaped, noting that; “For Bresson, the images are everything, along with the unerring precision with which they are edited together to create a world that is hermetically sealed, and unsparingly distanced from the viewer. As always, Bresson’s camera movement is a model of economy and precision; in many instances, the camera lingers on an image for what seems an eternity, to accentuate the tedium and endless waiting of prison life. But what is perhaps most striking about A Man Escaped is that it manages to create an atmosphere of almost unbearable suspense despite the fact that the title gives the basic narrative arc of the film away; the title character of the film does indeed escape his imprisonment, but the means by which he accomplishes this are tortuous indeed.

Based on the memoirs of André Devigny, who escaped from Fort Montlucin Lyonin 1943, during World War II, A Man Escaped tells the story of Fontaine (François Leterrier), a member of the French Resistance who is imprisoned by the Nazis in Montluc prison after an unsuccessful escape attempt. The prison is a forbidding, inhuman structure; indeed, the opening shot of the film shows us a plaque memorialising the 7000 men who died within the prison’s walls during the war. Thus, the basic situation of the film is set up from the outset; for the next 99 minutes, we will be witnesses – in every sense of the word – to one man’s fight for survival against almost insurmountable odds. Fontaine is thrown into a prison cell, and almost immediately begins to strategise an escape plan, despite the enormous risks involved.  His plans are deliberate and methodical, but the risks are enormous.

Another prisoner, Orsini (Jacques Ertaud) tries his own escape attempt but fails, and the consequences are severe; a brutal beating and a death sentence. Despite the tedium and monotony of prison life, Fontaine continues in his methodical preparations for escape, only to be told at the last minute that he has been sentenced to death for his Resistance activities. Returned to his cell, Fontaine discovers he has a new companion, François Jost (Charles Le Clainche) a 16-year-old soldier who is supposedly sympathetic to the Nazis. Now Fontaine has a new problem; his escape is nearly imminent, and he has to decide whether to take Jost with him, or to kill him. At length, and after much deliberation, Fontaine decides to trust Jost with the details of his plan. The film ends with their successful escape over the rooftop of the prison, and the two men slip away silently into the night, as A Man Escaped comes to its predestined conclusion.”

You can read the entire essay by clicking here, or at the image at the top of this page.

Gwendolyn Audrey Foster

The Future of Cinema?

February 16th, 2012

As David S. Cohen writes in Variety, “Last week must have been surreal for Douglas Trumbull. On the one hand, he was showered with accolades — the George Melies Award from the Visual Effects Society, honoring his pioneering vfx work; and the Sawyer Award, an Oscar statuette, from the Academy for his work across a wide range of technological and creative fronts — but while he was being feted by the industry’s movers and shakers, he’s still seeking financial backing for those innovations.

Working on a stage on his property in Massachusetts, Trumbull is combining high frame rates and 3D on the production side with advanced projection tech and curved screens that get brightness up to 30 foot Lamberts — more than a full stop above the current standard of 14 foot Lamberts for standard 2D projection, and several stops above the typical brightness at multiplexes for 3D.

“No one in the industry has seen a 3D movie at 30 foot Lamberts at 120 frames per second,” he said. “What happens when you get into this hyper-real realm of a movie, that seems to be a window onto reality, is that the entire cinematic language begins to change.” He wants to make a movie using Hypercinema and move away from the master shots, two-shots, over-the-shoulder shots and close-ups we’ve all seen thousands of times, to create “an experience of tremendous participation in an alternate world, which I think people will crave and are ready to pay for.”

You can read the entire article here; fascinating stuff.

Draftee Daffy (1945) by Robert Clampett and Rod Scribner

February 16th, 2012

Daffy Duck tries to evade the draft in Draftee Daffy.

It’s World War II, and everyone is signing up; everyone, that is, except Daffy Duck, who espouses patriotism in the opening moments of Draftee Daffy, but once summoned by the Draft Board, changes his tune to “it had to be me.” Brilliantly animated by Rod Scribner, and directed by Robert Clampett, Draftee Daffy is an insidiously subversive commentary on mid 1940s social values, which finds Daffy trying every means possible to kill “the little man from the draft board” who keeps attempting to deliver Daffy’s induction notice.

When I spoke with animator John Kricfalusi — the creator of Ren and Stimpy — years ago for an interview, we bonded immediately over our shared admiration for Clampett and Scribner as an “unbeatable team” when it came to classical Hollywood studio animation; the plastic possibilities of the medium are clearly pushed to their limits in this 7 minute cartoon.

Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell wrote a great essay on Clampett’s work, which you can see by clicking here, which deconstructs this classic Warner Bros. cartoon in detail, along with other examples of Clampett’s contribution to the history of animation. I’m struck by the freedom of imagination that this cartoon, and other Clampett/Scribner collaborations, demonstrate — an anarchic vision that seems to be almost complete absent from the hyperrealist motion capture 3-D style now in vogue in the Pixar films and related projects.

For myself, this is a much more interesting and freewheeling approach the possibilities of the medium; see what you think by clicking on the image above.

About the Author

Wheeler Winston Dixon

Wheeler Winston Dixon, Ryan Professor of Film Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, is an internationally recognized scholar and writer of film history, theory and criticism. He is the author of numerous books and more than 70 articles on film and appears regularly in national media outlets discussing film and culture trends. Frame by Frame is a collection of his thoughts on a number of those topics. To contact Prof. Dixon for an interview, reach him at 402.472.6064 or wdixon1@unl.edu.

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